The long second section presents the academic research that answers the question why the number of children per woman declined. The first section of the entry presents the global empirical perspective on the number of children per woman. This rapid population growth then comes to an end as the fertility rate declines and approaches 2 children per woman. As health improves and the mortality in the population decreases we typically saw accelerated population growth. At that time the very high mortality at a young age kept population growth low. ![]() In the pre-modern era fertility rates of 4.5 to 7 children per woman were common. And over the course of the modernization of societies the number of children per woman decreases very substantially. Over the last 50 years the global fertility rate has halved. The global average fertility rate is around 2.3 children per woman today. The most commonly used metric is the Total Fertility Rate (TFR) – or often simply ‘fertility rate’ – which measures the average number of children per woman. ![]() This entry focuses on the number of births per woman in a population.
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